Five outstanding physics research in 2025

This year has been vibrant for physics research; scientists of various sub disciplines have uncovered many unknowns, from the discovery of single naked black holes to the invention of 2D metallic sheets.

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These works will inspire further discoveries in the coming year. Here, I have tried to highlight five such widely discussed works.

1. Single Naked Black Hole

Scientists have been observing the sky with binoculars since ancient times. With the passage of time, they have come up with powerful telescopes like Hubble and James Webb, which have captured images of the baby universe at different times. Thus, the secrets of cosmic events from the universe's first 100 million years are being uncovered. Recently, JWST's mirror detected a series of mysterious tiny red dots of light. One of those red dots is actually a naked black hole, the mass of which is about five million suns!. Usually, such supermassive black holes are at the center of the galaxy. However, no galaxies were found to exist around the black hole like the red dot. Only a thin layer of gas covers it.

This naked black hole has changed a lot of the idea related to the baby universe. Scientists have long believed that galaxies first form, and then the massive stars in them turn into black holes of different sizes. Again, the smaller ones combine to form the giant one. But this discovery has put the idea to rest. Now the question is, how did such a black hole form in the infant universe? Was this black hole formed during the Big Bang? We still don't know the answer to that question, but it's one that astronomers are grappling with.

2. Dark energy