East Kolkata Wetlands Challenges and Solutions

In the article, Rangeet Mitra highlights the growing danger on the East Kolkata Wetlands due to anthropogenic activities. He proposes several mitigation plans and recommendations to safeguard the wetlands.

- Rangeet Mitra

The East Kolkata Wetland (EKW) is situated in the eastern part of the historic Indian city of Kolkata. The Ramsar site spreads between latitude 22° 25' to 22° 40' North and longitudes 88° 20' to 88° 35' East. It is known as the kidney of the metropolitan city of Kolkata. This wetland ecosystem boasts unique features for treating the city's sewage and serves as a significant food production source for Kolkata and its surrounding areas. It covers approximately 125 sq. km area (45.93 per cent is the water body and 38.92 per cent is the agricultural land) and stretches towards Bidyadhari and Matla River confluence, covering portions of South 24 Parganas and North 24 Parganas. Approximately 750 million litres of sewage of the city passes through this area every day and supports traditional fishing and cultivation process. According to a recent report, approximately 13,000 tonnes of fish and 150 tonnes of vegetables are produced daily in this wetland. Additionally, there are 300 large fish farms in operation, which support the livelihoods of local communities and contribute to the city's food chain. Fish such as silver carp and tilapia are popular species found in these 'bheris', while the wetland also serves as a safe habitat for marsh mongoose and small Indian mongoose. Many significant species of snakes and forty species of birds have been identified by the experts. Also, there are about 100 plant species that have been identified by the experts. Coconut and betel nut trees are the backbone of this ecosystem. This wetland comprises both human-made and natural ponds, playing a crucial role in treating the domestic wastewater generated by the city. The livelihoods of over 50,000 people directly depend on the wetlands.