TIMELINE
Charles XII’s Swedish Empire is pitted against a coalition, led by Peter the Great’s Russia, in a decades-long struggle.

RISE OF RUSSIA
The aftermath of the Great Northern War saw Russia become a major player in European politics and future conflicts..

Leaders & commanders
Co-ordinating half a million men required strong leadership from the world’s most experienced officers.

Battle for Khafji
In January, Iraqi forces took the coalition by surprise and captured a Saudi town.

MYTHS OF THE PYRAMIDS
Adam Zamoyski discusses how the Egypt campaign defined Napoleon’s career..

Gravelotte, 1870
This bloody encounter saw German infantry cut down by a new French weapon: the mitrailleuse.

HEROES OF THE VICTORIA CROSS 
A British Major takes on German armour in the defence of Oosterbeek, 1944

THE FLYING IRISH
Despite the Republic’s neutrality during WWII, thousands of Irishmen fought in defence of Britain.

NOBLE KNIGHTS
While fending off daily enemy sorties, individual acts of valour made the critical difference.

BATTLE OF ISSUS, 333 BCE
Alexander the Great continued his invasion against the Persian Empire with this tactical masterclass..

The good, the bold & the fearless
Burgundian dukes used politics and brute force in their bid for an independent state.

HEROES OF THE MEDAL OF HONOR
This Union officer led a fierce bayonet charge at the Battle of Gettysburg.

GREAT BATTLES
Christian and Muslim forces clash in the bloody First Crusade for Jerusalem..

CONFLICT PHOTOGRAPHY
Roger Fenton produced among the first major photo records of a war zone.

BRITAIN’S SECRET ARMY
In 1940, thousands around the country were recruited to fight an expected guerilla war in occupied Britain.

COMMEMORATING THE LANCASTER
Gulf War veteran and author John Nichol discusses the brilliance of Britain’s iconic bomber..

EUROPE ON THE BRINK OF PEACE
With the end of the fighting on the continent, East and Western Allies met in triumph.

LEADERS AND HEROES
A number of lesser-known civil and military figures contributed to the final victory.

DISARMING THE WEHRMACHT
For thousands of German soldiers, surrender tragically did not automatically result in survival..

LEGENDS OF THE SENGOKU
Samurai warriors and mighty clan leaders battled for glory and honour on the battlefield.

THE BATTLE OF SEKIGAHARA
A final showdown between the Tokugawa and Toyotomi clans all but ends the Sengoku wars.

OPERATION PLUNDER
Historian Martin King uncovers the Allied engineering effort in crossing the Rhine into Germany, March 1945..

THE BATTLE OF ARGINUSAE
An Athenian victory at sea is overshadowed by calamitous politics back at home.

GREEK BATTLE TACTICS
At sea and on land, Ancient Greek commanders utilised similar techniques to gain victory.

IWO JIMA 75
Two US veterans share their experiences of the crucial campaign to capture Japan’s island stronghold..

THE BATTLE OF LINCOLN
Veteran commander William Marshal leads his army to repel a French invasion force.

HEROES AND COMMANDERS
The struggle between subjects and sovereigns involved England’s most powerful figures.

20 GREATEST WARSHIPS
From the age of sail to the dreadnought era, our experts run down the deadliest vessels in maritime history..

VIETNAM VALOUR
A true story of Special Forces heroism and grit in the jungle.

AZTEC CONQUEST
Follow the brutal Conquistador invasion of the golden empire.

MEDIEVAL MOVIE MYTHS
How historically accurate are the big-screen battlefields?.

Generals, guerrillas and the ‘Communist Bonaparte’
Politicians and generals on both sides were vital to the developments on the ground.

The Tigers of Bastogne
Expert on the battle, Martin King reveals the hard fight of the 10th Armored Division..

MITSUBISHI ZERO - Genius engineering behind Japan's superior carrier fighter.

RISE OF PRUSSIA - Victorious tactics at the 1866 battle of Königgrätz..

Italian Wars of Independence The struggle to unite the Italian peninsula under one flag involved decades of bloody conflict

Could Hannibal have taken Rome? After their overwhelming victory in 216 BCE, the Carthaginians held sway on the Italian peninsula

The Battle of Marston Moor This clash pitched an outnumbered Royalist force against a Parliament- Covenanter army

Adventurers, Emirs & generals Rulers and military leaders from across Asia, and the Middle East contributed their skills to the Cold War of the Victorian Era

Bolivarian Wars Several Spanish colonies rise up to gain independence, led by one charismatic general

Air power and the battle for Normandy James Holland reveals the fierce struggle for air superiority that made D-Day possible

D-Day tank operations Follow the small but crucial role of armour in the build up to, and during Operation Overlord

Irish War of Independence The Irish Republican Army mounts a fierce guerrilla war in a bid to end British rule

Theological warfare As Protestants and Catholics vied for control, all of France became a heated battleground, French Wars of Religion Medieval Europe’s superstate was thrust into chaos by decades of destructive civil wars, Amiens: 1597 Henry IV and his English mercenary allies attempt to seize this stronghold from Spain...

The Royal Engineers During 900 years of service, Britain’s sappers have lived up to their motto and been ‘everywhere’, M ilitary construction The corps has designed, built and maintained a huge variety of military installations worldwide...

The Second French Empire Napoleon III revived France’s imperial ambitions,
experiencing great victories and costly defeats, I n the French ranks Imperial soldiers had changed significantly since
the days of the first French Empire, Farce in the Azov Sea Being 2,500 kilometres away didn’t stop
Napoleon III from meddling in military affairs...

The US Marine Corps The Marines have been fighting on the frontline since the USA’s revolutionary beginnings, Marines in the Pacific The Marines launched numerous amphibious landing during the island-hopping Pacific campaign, Belleau Wood 1918 Bitter hand-to-hand fighting on the Western Front earned the Marines a reputation for elite soldiering...

Did Grunwald doom the Order?
The Order recovered remarkably from defeat but
could not halt its decline in the following decades, Leaders and commanders
The knights were led by remarkable soldiers and
grand masters during their long history...

Battles, sieges and conquests Norman armies had a huge influence across much of Europe, Knights, archers and weapons The use of horses and archers made the Normans not just a people but a military machine, Third Reich in photos: Eastern Front in flames Rare photos from the front in 1942-43...

War of 1812 Years of tension caused this war between Britain and its Native American allies and the USA, victoria cross Heroes Rowland Bourke Repeatedly rejected when he tried to enlist,
he persisted and saved over 40 lives, Operator’s Handbook Heinkel He 111 See inside the German bomber that caused havoc during the Battle of Britain...

Mexican-American War The USA embarks on an expansionist war to acquire over half of Mexico’s territory, Expansions & conquests The USA conducted sieges, pitched battles and ambitious amphibious landings against Mexico, Buena Vista, 1847 A US force pushes forward into Mexico and comes up against a far larger Mexican army...

Switzerland at war Switzerland’s famous neutrality comes after an
impressive military history, Weapons and equipment Switzerland’s conscripted citizens can call upon
a powerful array of weapons, vehicles and tools, Goražde still stands Richard Westley, OBE, MC discusses his
role thwarting genocide in the Bosnian War...

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Discover the politics, mechanics, strategies and machines of war.

From the conquering legions of Ancient Rome to the thunderous tank battles of World War II and beyond, History of War takes you deeper inside the minds of history’s fighting men, further under the bonnets of some of the world’s most devastating war machines, and higher above the battlefield to see the broad sweep of conflict as it happened.

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History of War - Issue 81, 2020

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