Getting the timing right: Disasters, debt and livelihoods

ACROSS Asia and the Pacific, floods, typhoons, heatwaves, and droughts now strike with a frequency unimaginable a generation ago. Rising temperatures and seas fuel fiercer storms, while rapid urban growth pushes more families into harm's way.

- By Alexander Raabe and Matteo Ficarra

When disaster hits, it is the poorest who pay twice — first through the loss of homes, crops, and jobs, and again through the invisible cost of higher government borrowing.

Rebuilding roads, hospitals, and schools costs billions. Governments often raise that money by issuing sovereign bonds. Yet lenders grow cautious after a disaster, fearing tax revenue will fall and relief spending will rise. To compensate, they demand a disaster premium — a higher interest rate on new debt.

For a country already balancing tight budgets, every extra percentage point paid to bondholders means less cash for emergency shelter, social protection, and the small grants that help shopkeepers reopen. In effect, a spike in sovereign borrowing costs can delay the very investments that pull communities back on their feet.

ADB's research for the Asian Bond Monitor tracked bond issuances worldwide over two decades.

The pattern is clear: the larger the recent damage relative to national income, the higher the interest rate a government must accept.

A damage bill equal to just 1% of GDP can add roughly a third of a percentage point to borrowing costs. For low-income countries, that is the difference between funding a new elementary school or paying creditors.