BUILDING A DATA FORTRESS WITH A FLAWED DESIGN

The new digital personal data protection framework institutionalises a surveillance apparatus. The State can access citizens’ private information without any clear responsibility to protect it smartly

- MANISH TEWARI

N the grand architectural blueprint of digital governance, India’s digital personal data protection (DPDP) framework, comprising the DPDP Act of 2023 and its accompanying rules of 2025, present themselves as a fortress preserving and protecting individual privacy.

Yet, it has a critical design flaw: its most formidable defences are oriented exclusively outwards, towards private entities, while leaving the rear gate not merely unguarded, but actively propped open for the Orwellian State.

The framework creates a perilous artificial dichotomy—imposing a rigorous, if imperfect, regime upon corporations, while anointing the State as an unassailable aggressor against the very civil right it purports to protect. It isa fundamental reorientation of the social contract, one that places the citizen’s most intimate digital self at the mercy of the sovereign, devoid of the procedural safeguards that are the bedrock of a constitutional democracy.

The constitutional spirit, invigorated by the K S Puttaswamy (2018) verdict, recognised privacy as an intrinsic component of Article 21. This right ought not to be deprived except by a procedure established by law, as laid down in the Maneka Gandhi (1978) case. The DPDP framework creates the mirage of a substantive right for the individual while simultaneously constructing vast exclusion zones for the State. The exemptions culminate in the chilling expanse of the Seventh Schedule of the DPDP Rules.

Purpose 2 of the rules allows the use of personal data for the “performance of any function under any law for the time being in force”. This is not a targeted exception for national security, safeguarded by judicial oversight; it is a bottomless pit of authority

A municipal corporation clearing garbage, a transport department issuing a bus pass, or a ministry formulating a new scheme—all can invoke this provision to access, process, and share the most intimate details of a citizen’s life.