STRATEGIC RIVALS INDIA AND CHINA'S PARALLEL AMBITIONS

China and India share a long history that has lasted for millennia. For much of this time, their relationship has been amicable.

- Farshid Keramat

The modern relationship between these two nations emerged after the Second World War. India secured independence from British rule in 1947, while the Chinese Communist Party gained control in 1949 following the Chinese Civil War. Since then, the Sino-Indian relationship has fluctuated between cooperation and confrontation.

This article explores the key factors behind the uneasy Sino-Indian relationship in modern times. Shared characteristics such as population size, a growing global influence, and support for a multipolar world order promote diplomatic engagement. Yet the relationship is strained by significant ideological differences, territorial disputes, and incompatible foreign policy objectives. It is argued here that the divergent forces of this relationship outweigh areas of convergence. The result is a gradual deterioration of the relationship that prevents a meaningful strategic partnership.

Strategic Rivalries in the Sino-Indian Relationship

The main challenge to strategic alignment is the ideological divide between the two nations. A point of pride for India is its status as the largest democracy in the world. Its political process is characterised by an active public discourse in a multiparty political system. While democratic deficits exist, India is generally considered a stable and functioning democracy. Its institutions encourage public participation and compromise in public policy formulation.

In contrast, China has a one-party authoritarian form of government that is founded upon communist ideology. The Chinese government is less concerned about public opinion or the political interests of diverse groups. Instead, the government justifies its authority primarily through rapid economic growth and growing global influence. China’s domestic market liberalisation and its extensive global trade network are the foundation of the government's legitimacy.