INDIA'S DEFENCE EXPENDITURE AND DEVELOPMENT: FROM INDEPENDENCE TO ATMANIRBHARTA

India’s journey from a nascent post-independence state to a burgeoning global power in defence is a testament to strategic foresight, policy perseverance, and the indomitable spirit of self-reliance. Over the decades, India has gradually shifted from reliance on foreign defence supplies to fostering a robust indigenous defence manufacturing sector, aligning with the broader vision of Atmanirbharta.

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HISTORICAL CONTEXT AND STRATEGIC EVOLUTION In the initial years following independence in 1947, India’s defence strategy was heavily influenced by immediate security concerns and limited domestic capability, necessitating reliance on the international defence collaborations. This dependency was underscored by the quantity-based efficiency, as substantial arms imports were crucial to meet the defence needs of a young nation.

Defence spending during the Defence spending during the United Progressive Alliance rule from 2004 to 2014 was secondary to social development, which was criticised by many. However, the defence was outstripped due to the regional security challenges.

STRATEGIC SHIFTS POST-2014: FOCUSING ON INDIGENIZATION

The narrative took a decisive turn post-2014, with a government mandate to enhance national security through significant defence modernisation and indigenisation efforts.

What are the trends and themes in defence expenditure across India’s political trajectory since 2014 ?

Expenditure Trends: Increased allocation for domestic defence R&D and manufacturing, with significant investments in public sector undertakings and encouragement of private sector participation.

Geopolitical Context: