Impact of Climate Change on Sugarcane Yield

Sugarcane, a tropical crop known for its high biomass production and role in sugar and bioethanol industries, is significantly impacted by climate change.

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Abstract

Variations in temperature, altered precipitation patterns, increased frequency of extreme weather events, and elevated CO₂ levels are influencing sugarcane growth, productivity, and geographic distribution. This article explores the multifaceted impact of climate change on sugarcane yield, discusses physiological and environmental interactions, and outlines adaptation strategies to mitigate adverse effects.

1. Introduction

Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) is a C4 perennial grass widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions. It plays a crucial role in global sugar production and bioenergy, particularly in countries like Brazil, India, China, and Thailand. The crop is highly sensitive to climatic parameters such as temperature, rainfall, solar radiation, and humidity. Climate change — characterized by global warming, erratic precipitation, and increased atmospheric CO₂ — poses both challenges and opportunities for sugarcane cultivation. Understanding these dynamics is essential for ensuring food and energy security in a changing climate.

2. Key Climatic Factors Influencing Sugarcane Yield

2.1 Temperature

Temperature significantly affects sugarcane photosynthesis, tillering, internode elongation, and sucrose accumulation.

•Optimal range: Sugarcane thrives between 20°C and 32°C. Prolonged exposure to temperatures above 35°C can reduce photosynthetic efficiency, disrupt enzyme activity, and impair growth.

•Heat stress: Elevated temperatures accelerate respiration rates, leading to reduced sucrose content in the stalk. High night-time temperatures are particularly detrimental to sucrose accumulation.

•Cold stress: In subtropical regions, low winter temperatures (<15°C) hinder tillering and can cause chlorosis, reducing productivity.

2.2 Rainfall and Water Availability