Close Protection

Close-In Weapon Systems (CIWS) are the last line of defence for ships. While they were originally developed to protect against anti-ship missiles, the range of threats have evolved over recent decades, driving changes in CIWS architecture.

- Gerrard Cowan

CIWS systems are generally based on a gun in the 20mm to 35mm range, though there is considerable variety within the category. The armaments themselves have changed over the years too; for example, missiles have sometimes been substituted for guns. One of the best-known CIWS is Raytheon’s Phalanx family, which has been in service in various configurations since 1980. The weapon’s main armament is a 20mm radar-guided Gatling gun, and 23 customers use the system worldwide. There is also a land-based version known as the Centurion designed for counter rocket, artillery and mortar defence, which is in service with the US Army.

The latest Phalanx iteration is the Phalanx Block-1B Baseline-2, which was first delivered to the US Navy in September 2009. This configuration improved the system’s integral Ku-band (13.4-14/15.717.7 gigahertz/GHz) fire control radar and increased reliability, said Rick McDonnell, director of Raytheon’s close-in defence solutions programme. Earlier versions of Phalanx are still in use around the world, and Raytheon still produces the Phalanx Block-1B Baseline-1 for international navies. However, the US Navy only procures the Phalanx Block-1B Baseline-2 for its new ships, and offers this to allies through the US government’s foreign military sales programme. Logistical support including spares and repairs is offered for all Phalanx configurations from Raytheon on a case-by-case basis, Mr. McDonnell said.

History

CIWS were originally designed to address missile threats, though the dangers to ships have evolved over the years. Mr. McDonnell pointed to the attack on the USS