ONCE MOORE

Rereading the most influential article of the 20th century.

- VIRGINIA HEFFERNAN

OHM'S LAW (V-IR) states that the voltage across a conductor is proportional to the current flowing through it. Hooke's law (F=-kx) states that the force needed to extend or compress a spring by some distance is proportional to that distance. Moore's law states_

Well, that one doesn't state. It wagers. It hazards a guess. It contains no constants, no special functions, no variables, no equations at all. Movie directors will find in Moore's law nothing like the kind of pretty runes that John Nash or Ben Affleck might scrawl on a window with a wax pencil. In fact, Moore's law is less a law than a flier, a bit of Johnson-era bookmaking. Every year (or two) for a decade-or so the "law" goes-engineers would maybe, probably, double the number of transistors they could stuff onto a silicon chip.

Such was the bet of Gordon Moore, then the research director at the illustrious Fairchild Semiconductor, an outfit based in Sunnyvale, California, that in those days was known mostly as a division of the Fairchild Camera and Instrument Corporation. Electronics, a throwaway circular for the radio industry, picked up one of Moore's reports for Fairchild and published it as "Cramming More Components Onto Integrated Circuits" on April 19, 1965.

It was a hit. Prescient is too weak a word: "Integrated circuits will lead to such wonders as home computers, or at least terminals connected to a central computer, automatic controls for automobiles, and personal portable communications equipment." Such wonders. The essay dates to a time when a computer costs $18,000 (around $170,000 today). To make one affordable for a household, let alone an individual, will take a miracle. Moore, who later cofounded Intel, gives the miracle a shove with his resounding vote of confidence in tech workers for whom "You can do it" turns into "You must do it" turns into "You will do it" turns into "It's natural law."