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'Minimal' model captures neurons, flow of opinions, exotic matter
Indian Chronicle
|May 30, 2025
Biologists have the fruit fly. Botanists have the thale cress. Neurologists have the roundworm. These are model organisms: plants and animals that scientists in each of these fields study to make sense of almost all other plants and animals in the world.For example, in the 1990s, Victor Ambros and Gary Ruvkun discovered a new form of RNA called microRNA (miRNA) in the roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans.
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For revealing that miRNA regulates genes and allows certain physiological processes in all organisms — including humans — to function properly, Ambros and Ruvkun received the medicine Nobel Prize in 2024. Similarly, scientists studying recombinant DNA have Escherichia coli, toxicologists have rats, anatomists have zebrafish, those studying hepatitis have rhesus macaques, and so on.
The German physicist Ernst Ising created the Ising model in 1924 following a suggestion by his PhD supervisor Wilhelm Lenz. The Ising model provides a simple way to solve problems involving systems where different types of units interact with each other. For example, say there’s a gas of a few million hydrogen atoms trapped in a chamber and a magnetic field is applied. You need to find out how much the energy of the gas has changed. Since each of these atoms itself is like a tiny magnet and has a north pole (or south pole) pointing in some direction, you can represent it as a grid of atoms:... where ? means ‘north is pointing up’ and ? means ‘north is pointing down’. This is a basic instance of the Ising model. You can say that if two neighbouring atoms are ?? or ?? (anti-aligned), it entails an energy of X, and if they're ?? or ?? (aligned), an energy of Y. This way, you have a simple mathematical way to estimate various values of X and Y throughout the grid and use them to quickly calculate the overall energy. The Ising model has been used to understand the properties of many solids and liquids in various conditions — including magnetism in metals and alloys and the motion of atoms. Scientists have also used it to simulate land-use change, the flow of opinions in families and religious congregations, and to make sense of neural networks and lay the foundations of modern artificial intelligence (AI). Such work won the US physicist John Hopfield a share of the physics Nobel Prize last year.
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