Sri Lanka's Northern Gateway: Economic promise and geopolitical power in the Indian Ocean

The Northern and Eastern Provinces of Sri Lanka are historically and strategically important regions that contribute significantly to the country’s economy, social development, and cultural heritage. Despite decades of conflict and disruption, these provinces possess immense potential due to their land resources, human capital, and emerging economic sectors.

- By VISVALINGAM MURALITHAS

Provincial Overview

e Northern Province: Comprises five districts — Jaffna, Kilinochchi, Mullaitivu, Mannar, and Vavuniya.

e Eastern Province: Comprises three districts — Trincomalee, Batticaloa, and Ampara.

@ Combined, these provinces cover about 27% of Sri Lanka’s land area (Northern 8,884 km’, Eastern 9,996 km?).

@ Population: Approximately 3.5 million in the Northern Province and 1.5 million in the Eastern Province, making up around 15% of the national population.

Sri Lanka’s Northern Province stands at the crossroads of economy, geography, and strategy. Once shaped by decades of conflict, the region is now redefining its place in the island’s national development and in the wider Indian Ocean geopolitical landscape. Its location, resources, and emerging connectivity make it not just a regional concern but a national and international priority.

1. Geographic and Strategic Significance

The Northern Province occupies a commanding position at the southern edge of the Indian subcontinent, with proximity to Tamil Nadu across the Palk Strait—just about 30 kilometers away. This unique location positions the North as Sri Lanka’s “Northern Gateway” to South Asia. Historically, the region served as a maritime bridge between South India and the island, facilitating trade, cultural exchange, and movement of people.