Maize production: the first 40 days

In this article, the first in a two-part series, Magda du Toit speaks to experts about the different growth stages of a maize plant in the vegetative phase, as well as the crucial management practices to follow during this time to achieve optimal yield. Advice on weed control is also included.

- Magda du Toit

Maize farmers who properly understand the growth and development of their plants are better able to apply the correct production and management practices at the right time, and thereby achieve optimal yield.

While producers have no control over environmental stress conditions such as rain or drought, they can mitigate these risks. For example, they can choose a hybrid cultivar, improve their tillage methods, improve the condition of the soil, apply fertiliser, rotate crops, irrigate, and control pests and diseases.

There are two developmental phases in the life cycle of the maize plant: the vegetative phase (V phase) and the reproductive phase (R phase). The former provides the foundation for the latter.

EMERGENCE

Stress at certain critical growth stages of maize during and after emergence can reduce yield dramatically, says Kobus Lindeque, head of Syngenta’s seed business in Africa.“To start with, a proper seedbed and a good, uniform plant population during the emergence stage is necessary for ensuring the planned yield. It’s important to follow the recommendations of the seed companies regarding the specific hybrid in correlation with the area where the maize is cultivated.”

Lindeque adds that poor or staggered emergence can be problematic. “The longer that seedlings take to emerge, the greater the chances are that soil-borne fungus pathogens can penetrate the plant, leading to damage and yield loss.”

Soil temperature higher than 15°C is required for uniform emergence and vigour. Cool soil inhibits root development and, consequently, moisture and nutrient absorption, slowing development.