What Began as an Ideological Response to Colonial Politics Became the Basis for the Bloodiest Partition in Modern History—and Continues to Shape India-Pakistan Relations Today.

Rule in the 1937 provincial governments, Jinnah became convinced that a power-sharing arrangement in a united India might not safeguard Muslim interests.

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He gradually adopted the Two-Nation Theory wholeheartedly. Under Jinnah's leadership, the Muslim League argued that Indian Muslims were not simply a minority but a separate nation in themselves. This set the stage for the explicit demand for a separate Muslim homeland.

The Road to Partition and the Creation of Pakistan Muslim League leaders in Lahore, March 1940, when the party adopted the historic Lahore Resolution calling for "independent states" for Muslims. Muhammad Ali Jinnah (seated center) and his colleagues formalized the demand for a separate homeland — a key step driven by the Two-Nation Theory. The Lahore Resolution's principles laid the groundwork for the creation of Pakistan.