China’s Grip on Critical Minerals

An Indian Imperative for Strategic Autonomy

- Jagjit Singh Kaushal

In the twenty-first century, power is no longer measured only by the size of armies or the depth of treasuries.

Increasingly, it is measured by control over the invisible veins of modern civilisation—critical minerals. These are the rare earths, strategic metals, and special elements that underpin everything from mobile phones and satellites to electric vehicles, renewable energy grids, and precision defence systems.

Today, China has constructed an unrivalled dominance in this arena, positioning itself as both gatekeeper and price-setter. Its command is so expansive that it resembles an enormous antenna, tuned to the frequencies of global demand, capturing and amplifying signals while drowning out competitors. For India, which aspires to technological self-reliance and great-power stature, this asymmetric reality carries profound implications.

How China Achieved Supremacy

Vertical Integration

Beijing not only extracts minerals within its borders but also controls the refining, processing, and component-manufacturing stages. This “mine-to-magnet” chain leaves little room for rivals.

State-Backed Strategy

Through subsidies, targeted research, and selective export curbs, China has used critical minerals as an economic lever and a diplomatic bargaining chip. Restricting exports of gallium, germanium, or rare earth magnets can jolt entire global supply chains overnight.

Overseas Footprints