Road map for pursuing nuclear energy in India

India's quest for a low-carbon future has led to significant discussions on the role of nuclear energy.

- Arunendra Kumar Tiwari

The Union Budget has reinforced the government's net zero vision by introducing a nuclear energy mission with a target of 100 GW by 2047, changes in the Atomic Energy Act and Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Act for greater private participation, and a ₹20,000-crore research and development (R&D) initiative for small modular reactors (SMRs). The upcoming World Sustainable Development Summit (WSDS) 2025 is set to shape discussions on the role of nuclear power in India's energy transition.

Despite record-high additions in renewable energy (RE) capacity—particularly solar and wind—the grid emission factor that had been on a declining trend has started to rise again, due to India's surging energy demand outpacing the expansion of renewables. Nuclear power contributes to grid stability while contributing to deep decarbonisation. Unlike other energy sources, it provides a high-capacity factor, operates independently of weather conditions, and requires significantly less land. Nuclear plants have a long operational life and lower lifecycle emissions, making them key for India's energy transition.