Early warning signs that may point to a decline

Has someone you know had a red-flag moment? I mean a sudden, unexpected sign of decline in mental function that might seem innocuous yet, if ignored, can have wide-ranging implications. Among older people, they're often related to mental impairment.

- Dr Raj Persaud, Harley Street consultant psychiatrist and author of The Mental Vaccine for Covid-19, on how to stay on guard to changes of behaviour

For instance, your elderly relative is generally intellectually robust for their age but, on holiday at a new hotel, suddenly keeps getting lost.

Elderly people can quickly become deeply disorientated when taken out of their familiar environment and routines. But when they return home and settle back to their old routine, nothing seems awry and it's all too easy to dismiss. But if you'd paid attention you may have alerted the services earlier to a decline.

Such red flags can be vital early warning signs. Another may be an elderly relative's reluctance to go on holiday. Or a young person's distress at being away from home.