Greenhouse gas emissions from the first 15 months of the conflict

Estimated in metric tonnes of CO2 equivalent Post-conflict construction 29.8m Direct conflict activities 1.9m

- Frederick Otu-Larbi, Benjamin Neimark et al,

the Israel-Gaza Conflict. Note: Emissions calculated by usage, not manufacture. Post-conflict construction emissions only includes Gaza and Lebanon facing is severely impacting all life in Gaza, and also threatening human rights in the region, and even globally, due to the aggravation of climate change.

The study, currently under peer review by the journal One Earth, found:

More than 99% of the almost 1.89m tCO2e estimated to have been generated between the 7 October 2023 Hamas attack and the temporary ceasefire in January 2025 is attributed to Israel's aerial bombardment and ground invasion of Gaza.

Almost 30% of greenhouse gases generated in that period came from the US sending 50,000 tonnes of weapons and other military supplies to Israel, mostly on cargo planes and ships from stockpiles in Europe. Another 20% is attributed to Israeli aircraft reconnaissance and bombing missions, tanks and fuel from other military vehicles, as well as CO2 generated by manufacturing and exploding the bombs and artillery.