Putin waging parallel war against Nato

TO all intents and purposes, Russia believes that it is already at war with Nato allies.

- BY EMILY FERRIS, SENIOR RESEARCH FELLOW, ROYAL UNITED SERVICES INSTITUTE

Although this has not yet escalated in a military way, it does mean the Kremlin is able to allocate the finances and personnel it needs to conduct probing attacks of Nato's defences, to identify its vulnerabilities and see where its red lines are.

As a result, we have seen Russia waging an almost parallel war in Europe against Nato powers, taking place far from the frontlines.