What plants were used in medieval first aid kits?

In medieval Europe, nature was a fundamental resource for healthcare.

- Elma Brenner, editor of Leprosy and Identity in the Middle Ages (MUP, 2021)

Alongside minerals and animal substances, plants had numerous medicinal properties, harnessed through the expertise of nuns, monks, apothecaries and physicians. There was also much knowledge of plants' healing benefits in wider society, which was activated in kitchens, gardens and other domestic spaces. Plant extracts, from dried leaves to seeds and roots, were incorporated in pills,