In a report, the charity said the western-backed region's autonomous authorities were responsible for large-scale human rights violations against people held since the end of the ground war against Islamic State (IS) more than five years ago.
Amnesty said the US was "involved in most aspects of the detention system", which consists of at least 27 little-reported facilities where suspected IS affiliates are held, and the al-Hawl and Roj camps.
According to the report, 56,000 detainees include 30,000 children and 14,500 women, and more than 20 UK nationals, as well as people stripped of their British citizenship - most notably Shamima Begum (in Roj), who was 15 when she left east London to travel to IS territory.
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